Abstract Over the past six months, the application of large language models such as ChatGPT has drawn international attention and sparked critical reflection in the whole world. In this paper, it is argued that these large language models should be viewed as instrumental tools that bring about benefits with their technological development as well as risks in the application. Consequently, their governance should be focused less on technological intervention, and more on language resources vital for their development and application. Regarding the governance of language resources in large language model development, efforts should be made to break down the data silos of Chinese language resources, develop distributed model construction technologies through federated learning, establish open-accessed national knowledge data mechanisms, and expand the open and efficient language data exchange markets. These efforts are aimed to promote Chinese expression of world knowledge and facilitate the development of Chinese large language models. Since the large language models are an important language resource in nature, their fundamental resource status should be emphasized in the application, and perspectives of standardization, evaluation, and ethical regulation should be taken in their governance.
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