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2023 Vol. 8, No. 4
Published: 2023-07-10

 
1 The Era of Human-Machine Symbiosis
Li Yuming
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 1-1 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
5 Introduction: Prioritizing the Scientific Basis and Social Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the Era of Large Language Models
Rao Gaoqi
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 5-6 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
7 Theoretical Reflections on Linguistic Studies Against the Background of AI Great Leap Forward
Yuan Yulin
DOI: 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20230401
In view that artificial intelligence (AI), with deep learning as its core technology, is bringing about the fifth paradigm in scientific research, this paper argues that linguistic studies also need to embark upon the fourth or the fifth paradigm for pursuing a data-intensive and computation-intensive approaches. To further this suggestion, insights from linguistic experts on linguistics-related issues in AI study, which are often encountered in the scientific research and technical development of AI, are introduced and examined with an aim to support my argument. To engage with this topic, the current paper advocates the following points of view, namely: (1) While language functions primarily to communicate, thoughts usually happen in form of dialoguing and questioning-answering in the mind. (2) As language and reasoning are not totally equivalent, the Turing test cannot be fully valid. (3) Grammaticalization is not an intelligence unique to mankind, so the functional principles of grammaticalization also apply to composite systems other than language, including bodies, objects, and images. (4) Any existing super-capacity large language model (LLM) is not adequate to be used as a technological interface for the communication between human beings and robots, because any effective use of language should be an embodied intelligence, including lexical grounding and environmental affordance in embodied cognition; accordingly, different types of embodied Turing tests should be taken into consideration. (5) The success of ChatGPT shows that large models, big data and powerful computability work to capture statistical rules and operating modes of language. In this sense, linguistic studies should adopt data- and computation-intensive methodologies as a fourth or a fifth paradigm to probe into the algorithmic structure of language.
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 7-18 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
19 Governance of Large Language Models from the Perspective of Language Resources
Rao Gaoqi, Hu Xingyu and Yi Zilin
DOI: 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20230402
Over the past six months, the application of large language models such as ChatGPT has drawn international attention and sparked critical reflection in the whole world. In this paper, it is argued that these large language models should be viewed as instrumental tools that bring about benefits with their technological development as well as risks in the application. Consequently, their governance should be focused less on technological intervention, and more on language resources vital for their development and application. Regarding the governance of language resources in large language model development, efforts should be made to break down the data silos of Chinese language resources, develop distributed model construction technologies through federated learning, establish open-accessed national knowledge data mechanisms, and expand the open and efficient language data exchange markets. These efforts are aimed to promote Chinese expression of world knowledge and facilitate the development of Chinese large language models. Since the large language models are an important language resource in nature, their fundamental resource status should be emphasized in the application, and perspectives of standardization, evaluation, and ethical regulation should be taken in their governance.
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 19-29 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
30 On the Language Intelligence Education
Zhou Jianshe and Xue Siyuan
DOI: 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20230403
Language intelligence education has received much attention in the past decades. Emerging in the era of digital intelligence, language intelligence education includes three layers of meaning: theoretical education with the language intelligence discipline as the object, technical education with language intelligence engineering as the object, and application education with language intelligence services as the object. The language intelligence discipline is an interdisciplinary discipline based on theories of language, mainly involving language-brain intelligence and computational intelligence. Based on basic theory research, data resource construction, key technology development, and application system innovation, a new model of language intelligence education is formed. Key language intelligence technologies such as intelligent speech, machine translation, knowledge mapping, intelligent content generation, topic aggregation degree calculation, emotion calculation, humanistic gene calculation, and writing intelligence evaluation are the basis for realizing language intelligence engineering. The “four-in-one” language intelligence teaching platform, consisting of teaching resources construction, intelligent teaching design, intelligent reading and writing training, language proficiency assessment, is an example of the integration of theory and technology with targeted applications for different age groups, and demonstrates the role of language intelligence in empowering education for the whole society.
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 30-43 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
44 Chinese Sign Language Informatization: Status Quo, Bottleneck and Resolutions
Ren Tianyu, Yao Dengfeng, Yang Guowei and Kang Xinchen
DOI: 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20230404
With the boom of information technology, Chinese language informatization has developed rapidly in recent years. As an integral part of Chinese language informatization, Chinese sign language is yet to achieve complete informatization. At present, the informatization of Chinese sign language has garnered insufficient support in theoretical and practical fields, and the sign language datasets and corpora are difficult to meet the needs of informatization. The common misunderstandings in this area include the equivalence of informatization to digitization of sign language, and the requisite to create a writing system for sign language informatization. The absence of necessary technical standards for Chinese sign language, the lingering problem of multichannel input and output, and the lack of well-established writing system theory have become the bottleneck for the development of Chinese sign language informatization. In order to overcome these difficulties, it is necessary to formulate the informatization standard of sign language, devise the input and output scheme for sign language in the principle of machine reading before human reading, and theorize Chinese sign language writing system based on the linguistic features of Chinese language.
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 44-52 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
53 Diverse Views on Language Artificial Intelligence
Song Rou, Li Bin, Wang Baoxin, Yang Ziqing, Wu Dayong, Li Chen, Xun Endong and Su Qi
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 53-56 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
57 On Language Adaptation of Emigrants
Zhou Qingsheng
DOI: 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20230405
After an emigrant group moves to another country, how can they overcome the language barriers and realize cross-lingual communication in the heterogeneous political, economic, social, cultural, and linguistic environment of the host country? What are the linguistic changes and consequences of long-term contact between the emigrant language and the dominant language of the host country? In order to answer these questions, this article attempts to propose the concept of emigrant language adaptation. Based on the language vitality of emigrant groups, five selection strategies or types of language adaptation are distinguished, which are: (1) adaption to the external dominant language and inheritance of the internal emigrant mother tongue (inheritance); (2) assimilation into the external dominant language and abandonment of the internal emigrant mother tongue (assimilation); (3) isolation from the external dominant language and living in the emigrant language community (segregation); (4) integration into the external dominant language and culture, with weakening emigrant language and culture (integration); (5) floating on the edge of external dominant languages and internal emigrant languages (marginalization). This article, in terms of emigrant language adaptation, describes the characteristics of dual dimension, diachrony, diversity, protracted nature, adaptability, bidirectionality, and polyhedrality, and demonstrates the research paradigm. The study of language adaptation of emigrants can also provide some reference and enlightenment for the research in general linguistics, contact linguistics, sociolinguistics, ethnic linguistics, overseas Chinese inheritance, and other disciplines and related fields.
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 57-68 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
69 Reviews of International Literature on Immigration Language Research
Liang Dehui
DOI: 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20230406
In the past couple of decades, the field of language policy studies has witnessed significant development, particularly in the area of immigration language research. In this paper, I aim to conduct a comprehensive review of international literature on immigration language policy from 1990 to 2022 using researches obtained from the Web of Science. The findings reveal an overall stable growth in research on immigration language. Most of the important research institutes in this field are primarily located in North America. The research mainly focuses on six key areas: human migration and the global distribution of languages, the impact of immigrant languages on human cognition, the role of immigrant languages in social integration, the connection between immigrant languages and health, the influence of immigrant languages on employment and socioeconomic status, and the relationship between immigrant languages and public services. The researches demonstrate that different categories of international immigrants bring valuable contributions to host countries, and language proficiency is one of the key competencies that is crucial for immigrants. Therefore, it is necessary for the academic community to give adequate attention to this aspect. Immigrant language research is primarily driven by the values of social justice, fairness, and equality. Regarding methodological issues, the predominant approach is based on standardized and mature quantitative instruments, although qualitative approaches are also quite common. However, discursive research grounded in theoretical frameworks is rather rare. At present, immigrant language has emerged as a crucial factor for analyzing public health, public policy, public services, and social management. Therefore, it is essential for Chinese researchers to actively engage in interdisciplinary research and develop theoretical frameworks that are tailored to the domestic contexts. By doing so, scholars can contribute to the discussion of sound immigration policies in China, while also providing assistance in enhancing the multilingual environment and improving the capabilities of multilingual services in China’s international metropolis.
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 69-78 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
79 Scaling the Academic Summit: My Adventure in Linguistic Study
Xing Fuyi
DOI: 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20230407
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 79-88 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
89 Translation Rules and Strategies in Chinese-English Public Signs
Dai Ran
DOI: 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20230408
In China, the provision of foreign languages alongside Chinese texts has long been an endeavour in provincial as well as central government in managing public signs, yet the quality of translation on signs is hardly perfect. Drawing upon data randomly collected from urban public signs in China, this paper examines the principles and techniques of rendering proper translations for the public sign. As established in Linguistic Inventory Typology, Chinese and English are two languages with remarkable typological differences, which need to be taken into account in translation practice. Their typological differences include at least four aspects. First, Chinese is a verby language, whereas English is a nouny language. The different prominence tendency in the two languages suggests that the verbal structures in Chinese often correspond to noun structures in English. Second, Chinese is a topic-prominent language while English is a subject-prominent language. In light of this difference, the topic-prominent structures in Chinese can be translated into other constructions in English such as subject-predicate structures, predicate-object structures and prepositional structures. Third, the coordinate structures in English, as a mighty category, are less restrictive in grammar than those in Chinese. Such English structures are thus often transformed to predicate-object structures, small clauses, or even complex sentences in Chinese expressions. Lastly, due to the fact that serial verb constructions (SVCs) in Chinese constitute a mighty category vis-à-vis their English counterparts, Chinese SVCs can be translated into some other constructions in English such as prepositional constructions and small clauses. This paper contends that these grammatical correspondences in Chinese and English derived from Linguistic Inventory Typology would be helpful for the translation practice in managing public signs.
2023 Vol. 8 (4): 89-96 [Abstract] ( 0 ) HTML (1 KB)  PDF  (0 KB)  ( 0 )
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