摘要
纵观20世纪初叶以来发生在克罗地亚的语言冲突,语言既是冲突的缘由,又是冲突的工具,不失为一个分析语言冲突的生动案例。克罗地亚族政治精英和知识精英利用语言的集体叙事功能,刻意将其语言与其他南部斯拉夫民族使用的语言区分开来,从语言的命名、标准化和规范化等角度为论证民族身份认同提供理据。南斯拉夫时期反复多变的语言政策以及民众对语言政策的反应,充分体现了借语言正名之力实现独立民族身份构建的意图。克罗地亚语和塞尔维亚语的关系及命名的分合,与民族情感和政治问题纠葛,贯穿克罗地亚谋求独立的历史进程。克罗地亚独立后,“塞–克语”旧称引发的学界批判和对克罗地亚语规范发展之功的争夺,反映了克罗地亚人长期以来的小族语言心态。回顾克罗地亚语言与民族建设的历程可知,语言在构建民族身份、建立独立国家方面可以发挥重要作用;语言冲突可能成为撕裂国家民族认同、导致国家分裂的重要力量。结合当前中国的现实语境,在保护各方言和各民族语言的同时,尤其要警惕损害中华民族共同体建设的“分裂型语言民族主义”及历史误读或刻意曲解;全社会需共同推进国家通用语言文字的推广普及。
Abstract
In explorations of language conflicts, Croatia is a case in point, where language, triggering conflicts, was instrumentalized in conflicts as well. Political and intellectual elites in Croatia deliberately separated their language from those used by other South Slavs with resort to collective narratives of languages, and attempted to justify Croatian national identity through the naming of the Croatian language as a national language, as well as language standardization and normalization. Pluricentric variation in language policies and public reactions to policy changes during the period of Yugoslavia fully reflected Croatian elites’ intended use of language naming in constructing an independent Croatian national identity. The relationship between the Croatian and the Serbian languages named as one single language or separate ones, entangled with national sentiments and political issues, witnessed Croatia’s historical process of seeking independence. After the establishment of Croatia as an independent state, academic criticisms of the old name Serbo-Croatian and claiming credit for the Croatian language standardization and development reflected a long-lasting minority language mentality. This article’s historical account of the Croatian language and nation-building demonstrates the significant role of language in constructing national identity and establishing an independent nation to the effect that language conflicts could be a vital force in breaking a nation and its national identity. In line with the above discussion, in the contemporary context of protecting Chinese dialects and ethnic minority languages, we must keep alert to detrimental effects of perceived “separatist linguistic nationalism” and historical misreading or distorted interpretations on the building of a Community for the Chinese Nation, and thus the whole society is encouraged to join efforts in promoting Putonghua and its writing system as our national common language.
关键词
克罗地亚 /
语言规划 /
民族认同 /
小族语言
Key words
Croatia /
language planning /
national identity /
minority language
戴曼纯.
冲突视角下的克罗地亚语言与民族建设[J]. 语言战略研究. 2024, 9(2): 53-63 https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20240205
Dai Manchun.
The Croatian Language and National Construction from the Perspective of Conflict[J]. Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2024, 9(2): 53-63 https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20240205
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基金
教育部人文社科重点研究基地重大项目“欧洲转型国家语言政策研究——语言权利与小族语言保护问题”(14JJD740013)。