摘要
本文回顾了中华人民共和国成立以来语文工作在时间维度的差异化,即语文政策的与时俱进。然后分析了改革开放以来方言的衰退大势和衰亡危险,包括代际方言传承的断崖式下降,家庭私人环境方言使用的急剧萎缩,方言功能域的严重收窄。文章指出,有效保护方言资源或减缓方言萎缩速度,需要一些差异化的语文政策。在有些地区以推广普通话为主导的“语言扶贫”非常急需的同时,大量城市地区应当以方言的活态保护为重要目标,对方言传承不利的政策需要检讨和调整,以建设一个以国家通用语言为主导的健康有序的多语多言社会。
Abstract
China has abundant language resources, and there are widely divergent Chinese dialects and dialect speakers of different proficiency levels across the whole country. Currently, however, Chinese dialects are experiencing a severe crisis in their sustainable existence. This paper first makes a brief review of the development of China’s language policy since 1949, and then analyzes the declining uses of dialects in cities since the reform and opening up. It points out that the decrease of intra-generational inheritance, reduced use in family and private domains, and the shrinking of major public functional domains for dialect use are prominent issues confronted by dialects in China. This paper contends that in order to preserve the dialect resources and taper off the shrink of dialects, some differential national language policies should be made and implemented. In some rural poverty regions the role of Putonghua (standard Chinese) in poverty alleviation practice needs to be reinforced, while in most urban areas the preservation of living dialects should be prioritized. Some language policies or practices that discourage dialect conservation should be adjusted or abolished. A number of concrete strategies are proposed in conclusion in order to help the authorities and policymakers to construct a healthy and orderly multilingual society in China.
关键词
差异化政策 /
方言萎缩 /
方言消亡 /
活态保护
Key words
differential language policy /
decreased use of dialects /
dialect death /
preservation of living dialects
刘丹青.
语言资源保护与差异化语文政策[J]. 语言战略研究. 2019, 4(3): 29-37 https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20190302
Liu Danqing.
Language Resource Preservation and Differential National Language Policy[J]. Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2019, 4(3): 29-37 https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20190302
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基金
本文受中国社会科学院创新工程项目“汉语口语的跨方言调查与理论分析”和中国社会科学院“登峰计划优势学科——语言类型学”的资助。曾在联合国首届“世界语言资源保护大会”(2018年9月19~20日,长沙)上报告。