汉语哲学核心概念“无我”的词汇变迁与思想演进

何欢欢

语言战略研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (2) : 28-40.

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语言战略研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (2) : 28-40. DOI: 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20240203
语言战略研究

汉语哲学核心概念“无我”的词汇变迁与思想演进

  • 何欢欢
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The Lexical Change and Intellectual Development of the Key Concept of “Selflessness” in Hanese Philosophy

  • He Huanhuan
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摘要

“无我”本是佛教哲学中的核心概念。从梵语的否定表达来看,佛教对“我”的否定,即“无我”,分为两种情况:(1)否定“我”的存在而无任何肯定,“无我”义为不存在(轮回解脱的)本体或主体;(2)通过排除“常、一、主、宰”等特殊属性而肯定相对立的“识”,“无我”就意味着肯定“唯识”。但汉译佛典对此不作区分甚至无法予以区分,因此,作为翻译名相的“无我”以及另一译词“非我”都妨碍了对作为外来义理之“无我”的正确理解。佛教入华之初多用老庄术语翻译佛典,曾以“非身”对译“无我”这一目标概念,“非身”源于老子的“无身”;而后“非身”完全被“无我”所替代,“无我”的本土思想资源应为庄子的“吾丧我”。随着佛教思想渗入中国文化,“无我”又由佛入儒,在词义和用法上发生了重要转变。儒家的“无我”源于孔子“毋我”,但宋明理学家受到佛教义理的浸润,对“我”的理解从私利转化为私利主体,把佛教中以本体论意义为主的“无我”,诠释成儒学体系中表达道德境界为主的名相。“无我”从“汉译”到“汉化”“中国化”的词汇变迁与思想演进,展示了外来语词传播、发展、融入并最终成为汉语哲学本身的一种典型模式。

Abstract

“Selflessness” is a key concept in Buddhist philosophy. From the perspective of the negative expressions in Sanskrit, the negation of “self” in Buddhism, that is, “selflessness”, can be divided into two categories. Firstly, it denies the existence of “self” without any affirmation, and “selflessness” means the non-existence of nature or subject (in the reincarnation). Secondly, by excluding attributes such as “permanent, unique, autonomous, and dominant”, it affirms the “consciousness” that has no such attributes, and “selflessness” equals “consciousness-only”. However, Chinese translated Buddhist scriptures do not make this distinction or even cannot distinguish these two categories. Therefore, the translated terms “selflessness” and “not-self” actually obstruct the correct understanding of “selflessness” in its original context. When Buddhism first entered into China, Lao-Zhuang terminology was often used to translate Buddhist texts. The “not-body” originated from Laozi’s “non-body” was used to translate the “selflessness”. Later, “not-body” was completely replaced by “selflessness” which originated from the “I lost myself” of Zhuangzi. As Buddhist thought penetrated into Chinese culture, the “selflessness” of Buddhism came into Confucianism, and important changes occurred in the meaning and usage of the term. The “selflessness” of Confucianism originates from Confucius’ “selfless”, however, by the influence of Buddhist doctrines, Neo-Confucianists of Song and Ming Dynasties’ understanding of “self” had changed from self-interest into the subject of self-interest, which interprets the ontological meaning of “selflessness” of Buddhism as a concept that mainly expresses the moral realm in Confucian system. The lexical change and intellectual development of “selflessness” from Chinese translation into Sinicization/Chineseization show a typical model of foreign language to spread, to develop, to integrate, and finally to become a part of Hanese philosophy.

关键词

无我 / 非身 / 吾丧我 / 毋我 / 无私

Key words

selflessness / not-body / I lost myself / selfless / unselfish

引用本文

导出引用
何欢欢. 汉语哲学核心概念“无我”的词汇变迁与思想演进[J]. 语言战略研究. 2024, 9(2): 28-40 https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20240203
He Huanhuan. The Lexical Change and Intellectual Development of the Key Concept of “Selflessness” in Hanese Philosophy[J]. Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2024, 9(2): 28-40 https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20240203

基金

教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“古典汉语意识思想与现代意识理论构建研究”(22JJD720004)。

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