基于统计数据的欧洲40年来语言冲突研究

何山华,王靖雯

语言战略研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (2) : 64-76.

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语言战略研究 ›› 2024, Vol. 9 ›› Issue (2) : 64-76. DOI: 10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20240206
语言战略研究

基于统计数据的欧洲40年来语言冲突研究

  • 何山华,王靖雯
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Data-Based Statistical Study of Language Conflicts in Europe Over the Past Forty Years

  • He Shanhua and Wang Jingwen
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摘要

欧洲是一个语言多样性与语言冲突长期并存的地区。本文基于现有欧洲抗议、冲突、犯罪等事件记录数据库,结合国家民族异质化指数等数据,对欧洲1980年以来的语言冲突事件进行了全景式扫描和重点案例分析。在如今45个欧洲国家中,有27个发生过语言方面的冲突,39个发生过语言或民族冲突,涉及41种语言。但此类冲突数量并不突出,绝大多数仅占各国冲突总数的1%~6%,且语言冲突数量远低于民族冲突数量。语言冲突数量前十的国家大部分处于中东欧地区,参与方主要是民众和政党,涉及行政、教育、司法等方面的诉求,冲突方式大都是温和的抗议,在个别地区也会发生暴力冲突。随着欧洲民众和政府对语言超级多样性更为宽容的态度,语言冲突可能会朝着泛化和弱化的方向发展,即大范围、低烈度持续存在,对未来的研究和语言管理提出了新的课题。

Abstract

Europe is a region characterized by the coexistence of linguistic diversity and language conflicts for centuries. This paper offers a panoramic examination and in-depth case analyses of language conflict events in Europe since 1980. The study draws upon existing databases, including the Protest and Coercion Data, Hate Crime Data, and the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project, incorporating the HIEF (Heterogeneity Index of Ethnic Fractionalization) into the discussion. Over the past 40 years, language conflicts have been documented in 60% of European countries (27 countries), involving 43 languages, indicative of the widespread prevalence of the phenomenon. While the proportion of language conflicts, relative to the total number of conflict events, is not substantial, their impact is noteworthy. The primary issues raised in these conflicts pertain to administration, education, and justice, among others, with most being peacefully resolved, primarily through legislative measures on language rights. However, in regions with deeply entrenched nationalist ideologies, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe—including Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, and Ukraine—language conflicts have escalated into serious armed conflicts or diplomatic frictions, raising significant concerns at the European regional level. As European societies and governments adopt a more tolerant attitude towards linguistic super-diversity, language conflicts may persist on a broad scale but with diminished intensity, which introduces new challenges for future research and language management.

关键词

欧洲 / 语言冲突 / 民族冲突 / 语言权利 / 多语主义

Key words

Europe / language conflicts / ethnic conflicts / language rights / multilingualism

引用本文

导出引用
何山华,王靖雯. 基于统计数据的欧洲40年来语言冲突研究[J]. 语言战略研究. 2024, 9(2): 64-76 https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20240206
He Shanhua and Wang Jingwen. Data-Based Statistical Study of Language Conflicts in Europe Over the Past Forty Years[J]. Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2024, 9(2): 64-76 https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20240206

基金

国家社科基金重点项目“国家安全视阈下的欧洲百年语言冲突研究”(23AYY016);作者受到2021年江苏高校“青蓝工程”资助。

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