少数族群语言的使用是语言景观研究的重要内容。本文以云南省丽江市古城区为例,考察少数民族聚居区语言景观中的语言生态。调查发现,多语言使用是当地语言景观中的一个显著特征,尤其是旅游商业发达的新华街明显高于政府机关所在的福慧路,语言使用更具多样性。中文在少数民族聚居地区城市语言景观中是主导语言,其使用比例和凸显性均为最高。东巴文虽然凸显性并不强,但作为一种濒危语言,以及一种作为文化资源或者旅游资源开发的纳西族的书面语言,在排序及使用比例上构成了当地极有特色的语言景观。英语作为国际通用语,在少数民族地区城市语言景观中的使用也十分普遍。调查结果真实反映了目前少数民族地区具有某种代表性的城市语言景观中语言使用的基本状况。
Abstract
The use of minority languages is one of the recurring themes in linguistic landscape studies. Based on empirical data, this paper explores the linguistic landscapes of two streets in Lijiang’s Old Town in northwest Yunnan province. It is found that multilingualism is an eminent characteristic in the linguistic landscapes of the two surveyed streets. Out of the two streets, Xinhua Street is a commercial district and tourist spot, thus displaying higher degree of multilingual characteristic of intensive use of more languages than that in Fuhui Road, where some government offi ces are located. Specifi cally, in the area that is densely inhabited by ethnic minorities, Chinese still manifests itself as a dominant language and fares higher percentage and salience. But what is more signifi cant is that, as a cultural symbol, the endangered hieroglyphic Dongba script is capitalized as a tourist resource through highlighting it on the top of the order of appearance among other languages, although not as prominent as Chinese. In addition, English as an international language is widely used in the local linguistic landscapes. The fi ndings obtained from the investigation provide an authentic portrait of the linguistic landscape in a multicultural context like Lijiang, which is a well-known international tourism destination.
关键词
少数民族地区 /
语言景观 /
语言使用 /
东巴文 /
凸显性
Key words
multiethnic region /
linguistic landscape /
language use /
Dongba script /
salience
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.title}}
{{custom_sec.content}}
参考文献
李丽生 2015 《国外语言景观研究述评及其启示》,《北京第二外国语学院学报》第4 期。
李 贻 2011 《语言景观研究法:对广州北京路的历时
性调查》,《海外英语》第13 期。
尚国文 2016 《语言景观的语言经济学分析——以新马
泰为例》,《语言战略研究》第4 期。
尚国文、赵守辉 2014a 《语言景观研究的视角、理论与方法》,《外语教学与研究》第2 期。
尚国文、赵守辉 2014b 《语言景观的分析维度与理论构建》,《外国语》第6 期。
田飞洋、张维佳 2014 《全球化社会语言学:语言景观研究的新理论——以北京市学院路双语公示语为例》,《语言文字应用》第2 期。
王克非、叶 洪 2016 《都市多语景观——北京的多语生态考察与分析》,《语言政策与规划研究》第1 期。
徐红罡、任 燕 2015 《旅游对纳西东巴文语言景观的影响》,《旅游学刊》第1 期。
俞玮奇、王婷婷、孙亚楠 2016 《国际化大都市外侨聚居区的多语景观事态——以北京望京和上海古北为例》,《语言文字应用》第1 期。
张媛媛、张斌华 2016 《语言景观中的澳门多语状况》,《语言文字应用》第1 期。
赵庆莲 2010 《丽江古城纳西族双语状况研究》,白碧波、布莱德雷主编《母语的消失与存留:第三届中
国云南濒危语言遗产保护国际学术研讨会论文集》,北京:民族出版社。
Backhaus, Peter. 2007. Linguistic Landscape: A Comparative Study of Urban Multilingualism. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Barni, Monica and Carla Bagna. 2015. The Critical Turn in LL: New Methodologies and New Items in LL. Linguistic Landscape 1 (1/2), 6-18.
Ben-Rafael, Eliezer. 2009. A Sociological Approach to the Study of Linguistic Landscape. In Elana Shohamy and Durk Gorter (eds.), Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery. London: Routledge.
Ben-Rafeal, Eliezer, Elana Shohamy, Muhammad Hasan Amara, and Nira Trumper-Hecht. 2006. Linguistic Landscape as Symbolic Construction of the Public Space: The Case of Israel. International Journal of Multilingualism 3 (1), 7-28.
Bruyel-Olmedo, Antonio and Mari Juan-Garau. 2009. English as a Lingua Franca in the Linguistic Landscape of the Multilingual Resort of S’Arenal in Mallorca. International Journal of Multilingualism 6 (4), 386-411.
Cenoz, Jasone and Durk Gorter. 2009. Language Economy and Linguistic Landscape. In Elana Shohamy and Durk Gorter (eds.), Linguistic Landscape: Expanding the Scenery. London: Routledge.
Coluzzi, Paolo. 2009. The Italian Linguistic Landscape: The Cases of Milan and Udine. International Journal of Multilingualism 6 (3), 298-312.
Landry, Rodrigue and Richard Y. Bourhis. 1997. Linguistic Landscape and Ethnolinguistic Vitality: An Empirical Study.
Journal of Language and Social Psychology 16 (1), 23-49.
Moriarty, Mairead. 2014. Contesting Language Ideologies in the Linguistic Landscape of an Irish Tourist Town. International Journal of Bilingualism 18 (5), 464-477.
Scollon, Ron and Suzie Wong Scollon. 2003. Discourses in Place: Language in the Material World. London: Routledge.
Selvi, Ali Fuad. 2016. English as the Language of Marketspeak: Reflections from the Linguistic Landscape of Turkey. English Today 32 (4), 33-39.
Shohamy, Elana and Eliezer Ben-Rafael. 2015. Introduction. Linguistic Landscape 1(1/2), 1-5.
Spolsky, Bernard and Robert L. Cooper. 1991. The Languages of Jerusalem. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Van Mensel, Luk, Heiko F. Marten, and Durk Gorter. 2012.
Minority Languages through the Lens of the Linguistic Landscape. In Durk Gorter, Heiko F. Marten, and Luk Van Mensel (eds.), Minority Languages in the Linguistic Landscape. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
基金
本文为教育部人文社科基金项目“少数民族自治地区城市语言景观中语言使用状况调查研究”(15YJA740020)的阶段性成果。