语言识别：民族国家建设与全球化

doi:10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20180201

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语言识别是一个颇具争议的问题。以纯语言学的标准来看，两个言语社区若能够互相通话，他们说的是同一语言；若不能互相通话，他们说的就是两种不同语言。人们发现这个标准其实在很多国家和地区都行不通。例如在中国，普通话就不能跟广州话或上海话通话；而在欧洲很多不同语言之间，如荷兰语与德语，可以互相通话。从政治标准来看，19 世纪以来欧洲流行的一个传说把语言喻为“一个有海军支撑的方言”。这个传说的表述不尽科学，却颇有道理。例如荷兰语之所以是荷兰语，而不是德语的方言，就因为荷兰海军在17 世纪称霸海疆时，德意志民族还在雏形中发育。因此，语言识别的这种双重性也反映在语言学研究之中。

摘要

在语言学学科中，语言识别既是比较语言学这个分支的主要研究对象，又是（宏观）社会语言学这个分支的重要对象。前者从语言发展的内部研究语言识别，而后者则从语言发展的外部研究语言识别。本文从宏观社会语言学的角度，在语言意识形态和语言秩序这个理论框架内展开研讨3 种语言观，即大语言观、小语言观和平等语言观；评估大语言观和小语言观对欧洲近现代语言识别与民族国家建设的多重影响；探讨现阶段全球化中平等语言观与语言地位识别的关系。语言识别与其说是一个语言学问题，不如说是一个人文社会问题。语言政策和语言规划如何妥善处理这个问题事关国泰民安。

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	周明朗

关键词 ：语言识别, 语言意识形态, 语言秩序, 民族国家建设, 全球化

Abstract：

In linguistics, language classifi cation is the main subject of comparative linguistics as well as that of sociolinguistics or the sociology of language. Comparative linguistics deals with language classifi cation within the internal context of language evolution, while sociolinguistics examines it from the external context of language development. From the perspective of sociolinguistics,this paper examines three worldviews, large language ideology, small language ideology, and equal language ideology,within the framework of language ideology and order, evaluates the respective impact of large and small language ideologies on language classifi cation and nation-state building in Europe, and explores the relationship between equal language ideology and language recognition during the current cycle of globalization. It stresses that language classification is a linguistic issue as well as a social and humanitarian issue. A proper treatment of language classifi cation and recognition in LPLP is essential to a harmonious
national development.

Key words： language classifi cation language ideology language order nation-state building globalization

通讯作者: 周明朗，男，美国马里兰大学语言文化学院副教授，主要研究方向为宏观社会语言学及国际汉语教育。

作者简介: 周明朗，男，美国马里兰大学语言文化学院副教授，主要研究方向为宏观社会语言学及国际汉语教育。

引用本文:

周明朗. 语言识别：民族国家建设与全球化[J]. 语言战略研究, 2018, 3(2): 6-15.
Zhou Minglang. Language Classification: Nation-State Building and Globalization. , 2018, 3(2): 6-15.

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