朱元璋与朱棣时期语言政策比较研究
Language Policies under Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di Regimes: A Comparative Perspective
明代初期的语言政策主要面向调整蒙汉语言关系,建立汉语自身规范系统。朱元璋和朱棣两位帝王语言政策同中有异。在蒙汉语言地位规划方面,朱元璋时期对蒙古语主要采取镇压型政策,主张蒙汉通婚,强力同化蒙古语,难免存在狭隘的民族主义。朱棣时代对蒙古语持容忍型政策,更注重语言和谐。朱元璋制定了国家书面语标准音,南京话在当时条件下成为权威方言。朱元璋建立了学校教育体系,加快国家通用语推广;提倡白话,促进科技进步。朱棣制定了外语教育政策,巩固了中国与东亚、东南亚及西域友好关系,促进了汉语的国际传播。
This study attempts to examine the differences of the language policy formulation and implementation during the two significant early periods of Ming dynasty (1368-1644). It uses a historical comparative perspective to understand the processes involved in language change. In order to deal with the relationship between Mongolian and Chinese and to develop a system to regulate language use for Chinese, the early Ming government enacted a series of language policies. There were both similarities as well as differences in the policies made by Zhu Yuanzhang and Zhu Di, the two paramount rulers of the Ming dynasty. Whereas the policies during Zhu Yuanzhang time manifested in repression of Mongolian through implementing acculturation measures such as intermarriage between Mongol and Chinese, Zhu Di paid more attention to language harmony characteristic of liberalism toward Mongolian language. Zhu Yuanzhang standardized written language based on then authoritative Nanjing speech. He set up an education system to propagate both a national lingua franca and a vernacular with latter playing important role in promoting the technological advancement. Zhu Di’s regime was also remembered for its efforts in promulgating foreign language education policies, thus on the one hand to establish a rapport with neighboring countries in East Asia,Southeast Asia and the inner Western Asia, and on the other hand, to promote the international spread of Chinese language in these regions.
language policies during the Ming period / Zhu Yuanzhang / Zhu Di
本文系国家语委2015 年度重点项目“明代语言政策与语言规划研究”(ZDI125-46)阶段性成果,江苏高校品牌专业建设资助项目(PPZY2015C205),受江苏高校哲学社会科学重点研究基地基金资助(2015ZSJD010)。
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