海外语言与贫困研究的进展与反思
Overseas Studies on Language and Poverty: Origin, Core and Some Refl ections
受20世纪60年代美国“向贫困宣战”运动的影响,国外学者开始探讨语言与贫困的关系,分别从语言能力与贫困、语言地位与贫困、语言权利与贫困、语言多样性与贫困4个方面分析了语言与贫困的 相关性,并从语言地位规划、母语教育、语言资源开发、语言多样性保护等方面提出了一些有益的建议和对策。相关研究促进了语言政策与规划学科的发展,推动了社会公平正义,但仍存在“惜语不惜人”(如为保护语言多样性而牺牲讲话人的权益)、“重母语轻通用语”(过于强调母语教育在减贫中的作用)、理念缺乏可行性(如试图通过将土著人的语言提升为官方语言而解决其贫困问题),以及未能区分绝对贫困和相对贫困(未考虑可感知的贫困对母语人口流失的作用)等方面的问题。
This paper is a review of studies of language and poverty conducted by international scholars. Infl uenced by the US “War on Poverty” movement in the 1960s, international scholars began to explore the relevance between language and poverty.The focus of the studies are generally placed on four aspects: language capacity and poverty, language status and poverty,language rights and poverty, and language diversity and poverty. Some useful suggestions and countermeasures have been put forward for language diversity protection, language status planning, mother tongue education, language resource development and language diversity conservation. However, despite their promotion of Language Policy and Planning (LPP) as an academic discipline and their encouragement of social equity and justice, such studies also feature some problems in their argumentations.Among them, issues that are prominent and deserve attention include outweighing languages over human beings (e.g. sacrificing the rights of the speakers for the protection of linguistic diversity); advocating mother language while despising common language (e.g. overemphasizing the role of mother-tongue education in poverty alleviation); infeasibility in proposals (e.g. proposing to reduce indigenous poverty by means of upgrading their languages to offi cial status), and failure to distinguish absolute poverty from relative poverty (e.g. attaching little importance to the eff ect of perceptible poverty on the loss of native speakers).This review will inform LPP studies in China and provide a reference for policymaking regarding language and poverty.
相对贫困 / 语言能力 / 语言地位 / 语言权利 / 语言多样性 / 母语教育
relative poverty / language capacity / language status / language rights / language diversity / mother-tongue education
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