摘要
国际组织语言规划进程涉及3个方面:政策形成、政策变迁和政策影响。联合国教科文组织是对语言问题关注度最高的国际组织。对该组织公约、建议书和宣言的形成机制的考察发现,在将提案转化为国际准则性文书过程中,政府推动和专家贡献起着关键作用;从联合国教科文组织70多年来语言观念的变化可以看出,国际组织的语言政策总是主动适应世界政治经济大环境,随着时代的发展而演变,国际环境和流行思潮等因素对国际组织语言政策的变迁起着重要作用;国际组织与成员国在互动过程中相互影响,并在博弈中达成妥协。教科文组织通过制定公约、资助项目、提供技术支持、建立评价指标和公布国际排名等方式提升国际权威性,以利于对成员国施加影响,而成员国也会采取拒缴会费、专家游说、利用制度流程通过特定提案等形式影响教科文组织的语言政策。当前国际组织语言政策研究大多停留在语种设置和文本分析上,建议今后要结合国际组织制度框架和程序规范,全景式考察政策进程的各个环节,为有效推动中国深度参与全球语言治理、提升国际组织话语权做出贡献。
Abstract
The language planning process of international organizations involves three aspects: policy formation, policy evolution, and policy impact. By investigating the formation mechanism of UNESCO conventions, recommendations, and declarations, it can be found that expert contributions and government promotion play a key role in transforming proposals into international normative instruments. From the language ideology evolution of UNESCO over the past 70 years, it can be seen that language policies of international organizations always actively adapt to the political and economic environment of the world and evolve with the development of the era, and factors such as international political environment and popular thought trends play an important role in language policy shift in international organizations; UNESCO enhances its international authority by formulating conventions, funding projects, providing technical support, establishing evaluation indicators and publishing international rankings, so as to exert influence on member states. Member states also influence UNESCO’s language policies by refusing to pay dues, expert lobbying, and using institutional processes for specific proposals. At present, research on language policies of international organizations mostly focuses on language choice and text analysis. In the future, we should make a panoramic study of all links of the policy process in combination with the institutional frameworks and procedural norms of international organizations.
关键词
国际组织 /
语言政策 /
形成机制 /
变迁机制 /
影响机制
Key words
international organizations /
language policy /
formation mechanism /
evolution mechanism /
impact mechanism
方小兵.
联合国教科文组织语言政策的形成、变迁与影响[J]. 语言战略研究. 2022, 7(2): 12-21 https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20220201
Fang Xiaobing.
The Formation, Evolution and Influence of Language Policies of International Organizations: A Case Study of UNESCO[J]. Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2022, 7(2): 12-21 https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20220201
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