民族认同与传承语焦虑

萧旸

语言战略研究 ›› 2017, Vol. 2 ›› Issue (3) : 38-55.

欢迎访问《语言战略研究》官方网站!今天是
语言战略研究 ›› 2017, Vol. 2 ›› Issue (3) : 38-55.
语言战略研究

民族认同与传承语焦虑

  • 萧旸
作者信息 +

Ethnic Identity and Heritage Language Anxiety

  • Xiao Yang
Author information +
文章历史 +

摘要

本文介绍传承语教育中身份与情感研究的最新进展,并尝试通过实证研究在传承语焦虑与民族认同之间建立理论关联,再进一步对传承语学习者做群体内部的差异性分析。基于114名中文传承语学习者的定量分析结果表明,民族认同和传承语读写焦虑之间存在显著的负相关,传承语学习者群体内部也存在不同程度的差异性。具有不同方言背景的学习者在民族认同和语言焦虑上有截然不同的表现:传承语背景为广东话的学生体现出较强的民族认同感 ,也有较高听说技能焦虑,而普通话背景的学习者则体现出较高的读写焦虑。来自不同移民代的学习者也体现出一定的差异:学习者中的第二代移民比第一代移民有更高的听说焦虑,虽然他们在整体民族认同感上没有明显不同,第二代移民对民族身份所携带的文化内涵表现出更强的探索意愿。这一组发现对传承语教育的教学、教材编写与教师培养有直接的指导意义,此外,本研究也探讨“身份—焦虑”这一关联在传承语教育理论框架建设上的贡献,并为未来研究发展提出建议。

Abstract

Although much research has examined the link between ethnic identity and heritage language (HL) , and language anxiety has been extensively studied in the context of foreign language learning, these two strands have remained essentially separate. This paper presents a study of the correlation between ethnic identity and HL anxiety, with the aim of demonstrating a conceptual link between identity and anxiety in HL learning. This study also investigates ethnic group differences, fi rst between learners with Mandarin background and those with Cantonese background, and then between fi rst and second-generation HL learners. Drawing on data from 114 Chinese as HL learners, the results showed signifi cant negative correlation between the strength of ethnic identity and HL learners’ reading and writing anxiety. The study also found signifi cant differences between learners with different dialect backgrounds: learners with Cantonese background displayed a stronger sense of ethnic identity, as well as higher speaking and listening anxiety, whereas learners with Mandarin background experienced higher reading and writing anxiety. In terms of generational differences, the study found that the first and second generations had similar level of ethnic identity. However, the second generation showed a much higher desire to explore the meaning of being Chinese and to participate in ethnic cultural practices. Taking together, the paper discusses the implications to HL education and concludes with suggestions for future research.

关键词

传承语教育 / 传承语学习者 / 民族认同 / 传承语焦虑

Key words

heritage language education / heritage language learners / ethnic identity / heritage language anxiety

引用本文

导出引用
萧旸. 民族认同与传承语焦虑[J]. 语言战略研究. 2017, 2(3): 38-55
Xiao Yang. Ethnic Identity and Heritage Language Anxiety[J]. Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2017, 2(3): 38-55

参考文献

 

曹贤文 2014 《“继承语”理论视角下的海外华文教学再考察》,《华文教学与研究》第4 期。
方夏婷 2016 《澳大利亚华裔中学生祖语学习与认同研究》,暨南大学博士学位论文。
高 虹 2010 《Heritage language 的由来及其中文译名》,《中国科技术语》第2 期。
郭 熙 2008 《多元语言文化背景下母语维持问题:新加坡个案》,《语言文字应用》第4 期。
郭 熙 2013 《华语传播和传承:现状和困境》,《世界华文教育》第1 期。
郭 熙 2015 《论汉语教学的三大分野》,《中国语文》第5 期。
吴 文 2012 《继承语研究:应用语言学界冉冉升起的新星》,《西安外国语大学学报》第1 期。
吴英成、邵洪亮 2014 《华裔汉语学习者解读:新加坡视角》,《世界汉语教学》第2 期。
尹小荣 2016 《语言与民族认同国外研究综述(2010—2015)》,《语言战略研究》第1 期。
张广勇 2014 《国外继承语习得研究新进展》,《现代外语》第1 期。
周明朗 2014 《语言认同与华语传承语教育》,《华文教学与研究》第1 期。
Bartley, Diana E. 1970. The Importance of the Attitude Factor in Language Dropout: A Preliminary Investigation of
Group and Sex Differences. Foreign Language Annals 3 (3), 383-393.
Beaudrie, Sara and Marta Fairclough. 2012. Spanish as A Heritage Language in the US: State of the Science. Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press.
Canagarajah, Suresh. 2013. Reconstructing Heritage Language: Resolving Dilemmas in Language Maintenance for Sri Lankan Tamil Migrants. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 222, 131-155.
Carreira, Maria. 2004. Seeking Explanatory Adequacy: A Dual Approach to Understanding the Term. Heritage Language Journal 2 (1),1-25.
Cheng, Yuh-Show. 2004. A Measure of Second Language Writing Anxiety: Scale Development and Preliminary Validation. Journal of Second Language Writing 13 (4), 313-335.
Chinen, Kiyomi and G. Richard Tucker. 2005. Heritage Language Development: Understanding the Roles of Ethnic Identity and Saturday School Participation. Heritage Language Journal 3 (1), 27-59.
Cummins, Jim. 2005. A Proposal for Action: Strategies for Recognizing Heritage Language Competence as a Learning
Resource Within the Mainstream Classroom. Modern Language Journal 89 (4), 585-592.
De Houwer, Annick. 2015. Harmonious Bilingual Development: Young Families’ Well-Being in Language Contact Situations. International Journal of Bilingualism 19 (2), 169-184.
Dewaele, Jean-Marc and Peter MacIntyre. 2014. The Two Faces of Janus? Anxiety and Enjoyment in the Foreign Language Classroom. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 4 (2), 237-274.
Duff, Patricia. 2008. Heritage Language Education in Canada. In Donna Brinton, Olga Kagan and Susan Bauckus (eds.), Heritage Language: A New Field Emerging. New York: Routledge.
Erik, Erikson. 1968. Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton.
Feuerverger, Grace. 1991. University Students’ Perceptions of Heritage Language Learning and Ethnic Identity Maintenance. Canadian Modern Language Review 47 (4), 660-677.
Fishman, Joshua. 2001. 300-Plus Years of Heritage Language Education in the United States. In Joy Kreeft Peyton, Donald A. Ranard, and Scott McGinnis (eds.), Heritage Languages in America: Preserving a National Resource. Washington, D. C. & McHenry: Center for Applied Linguistics & Delta Systems.
Gallagher, H. Colin. 2013. Willingness to Communicate and Cross-Cultural Adaptation: L2 Communication and Acculturative Stress as Transaction. Applied Linguistics 34 (1), 53-73.
Gardner, Robert C. 1985. Social Psychology and Second-Language Learning: The Role of Attitudes and Motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
Gardner, Robert C. and Peter D. MacIntyre. 1993. On the Measurement of Affective Variables in Second Language Learning. Language Learning 43 (2), 157-194.
Gkonou, Christina, Mark Daubney, and Jean-Marc Dewaele. 2017. New Insights into Language Anxiety: Theory, Research and Educational Implications. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
He, Agnes Weiyun. 2006. Toward an Identity Theory of the Development of Chinese as a Heritage Language. Heritage Language Journal 4 (1), 1-28.
He, Agnes Weiyun. 2010. The Heart of Heritage: Sociocultural Dimensions of Heritage Language Learning. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30, 66-82.
Hornberger, Nancy H. and Shuhan C. Wang. 2008. Who Are Our Heritage Language Learners? Identity and Biliteracy in Heritage Language Education in the United States. In Donna Brinton, Olga Kagan, and Susan Bauckus (eds.), Heritage Language Education: A New Field Emerging. New York: Routledge.
Horwitz, Elaine K. 1986. Preliminary Evidence for the Reliability and Validity of a Foreign Language Snxiety Scale. Tesol Quarterly 20 (3), 559-562.
Horwitz, Elaine K. 1988. The Beliefs about Language Learning of Beginning University Foreign Language Students. Modern Language Journal 72 (3), 283-294.
Horwitz, Elaine K. 2000. It Ain’t Over ’til It’s Over: On Foreign Language Anxiety, First Language Deficits, and the Confounding of Variables. The Modern Language Journal 84 (2), 256-259.
Horwitz, Elaine K. 2001. Language Anxiety and Achievement. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 21(1), 112-126.
Horwitz, Elaine K. 2010. Foreign and Second Language Anx iety. Language Teaching 43 (2), 154-167.
Horwitz, Elaine K., Dolly J. Young, and Robert C. Gardner. 1991. Language Anxiety: From Theory and Research to Classroom Implications. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Jee, Min Jung. 2016. Exploring Korean Heritage Language Learners’ Anxiety: “We Are Not Afraid of Korean!” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 37 (1), 56-74.
Kang, Hyun-Sook and In-sop Kim. 2012. Perceived and Actual Competence and Ethnic Identity in Heritage Language Learning: A Case of Korean-American College Students. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 15 (3), 279-294.
Kim, Joo-Hae. 2000. Foreign Language Listening Anxiety: A Study of Korean Students Learning English. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Texas at Austin. Krashen, Stephen. 2000. Bilingual Education, the Acquisition of English, and the Retention and Loss of Spanish. In Ana Roca (ed.), Research on Spanish in the U.S. Somerville: Cascadilla Press.
Leeman, Jennifer. 2015. Heritage Language Education and Identity in the United States. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 35, 100-119.
Leeman, Jennifer, Lisa Rabin, and Esperanza Roman-Mendoza. 2011. Identity and Activism in Heritage Language Education. The Modern Language Journal 95 (4), 481-495.
Lo Bianco, Joseph. 2008. Policy Activity for Heritage Languages: Connections with Representation and Citizenship. New York: Routledge.
Luo, Han. 2015. Chinese Language Learning Anxiety: A Study of Heritage Learners. Heritage Language Journal, 12 (1), 22-47.
MacIntyre, Peter D. 1999. Language Anxiety: A Review of the
Research for Language Teachers. In David J. Young (ed.), Affect in Foreign Language and Second Language Learning: A Practical Guide to Creating a Low-Anxiety Classroom Atmosphere. Boston: McGraw-Hill College.
MacIntyre, Peter D. and Robert C. Gardner. 1991. Methods and Results in the Study of Anxiety and Language Learning: A Review of the Literature. Language Learning 41 (1), 85-117.
Mah, Bonnie. 2005. Ethnic Identity and Heritage Language Ability in Second Generation Canadians in Toronto. Unpublished Master’s Thesis, Ryerson University.
Marcia, James E. 1980. Identity in Adolescence. In Joseph Adelson (ed.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology 9 (11). New York: Wiley.
Montrul, Silvina. 2010. Current Issues in Heritage Language Acquisition. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 30, 3-23.
Montrul, Silvina. 2015. The Acquisition of Heritage Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mu, Guanglun Michael. 2015. A Meta-Analysis of the Correlation between Heritage Language and Ethnic Identity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 36 (3), 239-254.
Norton, Bonny. 2013. Identity and Language Learning: Extending the Conversation. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
Oh, Janet S. and Andrew J. Fuligni. 2010. The Role of Heritage Language Development in the Ethnic Identity and Family Relationships of Adolescents from Immigrant Backgrounds. Social Development 19 (1), 202-220.
Phinney, Jean S. 1990. Ethnic Identity in Adolescents and Adults: Review of Research. Psychological Bulletin 108 (3), 499-514.
Phinney, Jean S. 1992. The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: A New Scale for Use with Diverse Groups. Journal of Adolescent Research 7 (2), 156-176.
Phinney, Jean S. and Anthony D. Ong. 2007. Conceptualization and Measurement of Ethnic Identity: Current Status and Future Directions. Journal of Counseling Psychology 54 (3), 271.
Phinney, Jean S., Irma Romero, Monica Nava, and Dan Huang. 2001. The Role of Language, Parents, and Peers in Ethnic Identity among Adolescents in Immigrant Families. Journal of youth and Adolescence 30 (2), 135-153.
Polinsky, Maria and Olga Kagan. 2007. Heritage Languages: In the ‘Wild’ and in the Classroom. Language and Linguistics Compass 1 (5), 368-395.
Portes, Alejandro and Lingxin Hao. 2002. The Price of Uniformity: Language, Family and Personality Adjustment in the Immigrant Second Generation. Ethnic and Racial Studies 25, 889-912.
Preston, Dennis R. 2013. Linguistic Insecurity Forty Years Later. Journal of English Linguistics 41 (4), 304-331.
Saito, Yoshiko, Thomas J. Garza, and Elaine K. Horwitz. 1999. Foreign Language Reading Anxiety. The Modern Language Journal 83 (2), 202-218.
Sevinç, Yeşim. 2017. Language Anxiety in the Immigrant Context: Sweaty Palms? International Journal of Bilingualism, doi:10.1177/1367006917690914.
Sevinç, Yeşim and Ad Backus. 2017. Anxiety, Language Use and Linguistic Competence in an Immigrant Context: A Vicious Circle? International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1-19.
Sevinç, Yeşim and Jean-Marc Dewaele. 2016. Heritage Language Anxiety and Majority Language Anxiety among
Turkish Immigrants in the Netherlands. International Journal of Bilingualism. Advance Online Publication, doi: 10.1177/1367006916661635.
Shin, Sarah J. 2010. “What about Me? I’m Not Like Chinese but I’m Not Like American”: Heritage-Language Learning and Identity of Mixed-Heritage Adults. Journal of Language, Identity & Education 9 (3), 203-219.
Smolicz, Jerzy J. 1992. Minority Languages as Core Values of Ethnic Cultures: A Study of Maintenance and Erosion of Polish, Welsh, and Chinese Languages in Australia. In Willem Fase, Koen Jaspert, and Sjaak Kroon (eds.), Maintenance and Loss of Minority Languages. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Tajfel, Henri and John C. Turner. 1986. The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior. In Stephen Worchel and Austin, William (eds.), Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Tallon, Michael. 2006. Foreign Language Anxiety in Heritage
Students of Spanish: To Be (Anxious) or Not to Be (Anxious)?
That Is the Question. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation).
University of Texas at Austin.
Tallon, Michael. 2009. Foreign Language Anxiety and Heritage Students of Spanish: A Quantitative Study. Foreign Language Annals 42 (1), 112-137.
Trifonas, Peter Pericles and Themistoklis Aravossitas. 2014. Rethinking Heritage Language Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Trofimovich, Pavel, Talia Isaacs, Sara Kennedy, Kazuya Saito, and Dustin Crowther. 2016. Flawed Self-Assessment: Investigating Self- and Other-Perception of Second Language Speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19 (1), 122-140.
Tse, Lucy. 1998. Ethnic Identity Formation and Its Implications for Heritage Language Development. In Stephen Krashen,
Lucy Tse, and Jeff McQuillan (eds.), Heritage Language Development. Culver City: Language Education Associates.
Valdés, Guadalupe. 2001. Heritage Language Students: Profiles and Possibilities. In Joy Kreeft Peyton, Donald A. Ranard, and Scott McGinnis (eds.), Heritage Languages in America: Preserving a National Resource. Washington, D. C.: Center for Applied Linguistics.
Valdés, Guadalupe. 2005. Bilingualism, Heritage Language Learners, and SLA Research: Opportunities Lost or Seized? The Modern Language Journal 89 (3), 410-426.
Wen, Xiaohong. 2011. Chinese Language Learning Motivation: A Comparative Study of Heritage and Non-Heritage Learners. Heritage Language Journal 8 (3), 41-66.
Wiley, Terence G. 2008. Chinese “Dialect” Speakers as Heritage Language Learners: In Donna Brinton, Olga Kagan, and Susan Bauckus (eds.), Heritage Language: A New Field Emerging. New York: Routledge.
Wiley, Terrence G., Joy Kreeft Peyton, Donna Christian, Sarah Catherine K. Moore, and Na Liu. 2014. Handbook of Heritage, Community, and Native American Languages in the United States: Research, Policy, and Educational Practice. New York: Routledge.
Wong, Ka F. and Yang Xiao. 2010. Diversity and Difference: Identity Issues of Chinese Heritage Language Learners from Dialect Backgrounds. Heritage Language Journal 7 (2), 153-187.
Wu, Ming Hsuan and Genevieve Leung. 2014. Re-Envisioning Heritage Language Education: A Study of Middle School Students Learning Mandarin Chinese. Heritage Language Journal 11 (3), 207-223.
Xiao, Yang and F. Ka Wong. 2014. Exploring Heritage Language Anxiety: A Study of Chinese Heritage Language Learners. The Modern Language Journal 98 (2), 589-611.
You, Byeong-keun. 2005. Children Negotiating Korean American Ethnic Identity through Their Heritage Language. Bilingual Research Journal 2 9 (3), 711-721.

Accesses

Citation

Detail

段落导航
相关文章

/