现代汉语方言的萎缩和对策研究
The Decline of Chinese Dialects and Strategies for their Preservation
古代的方言多分化,近代以来多整合,现代化时代则逐渐萎缩。萎缩的基本形态是结构系统萎缩和使用功能的萎缩。前者表现为音类减少或音变规律转移,后者表现为使用范围收缩。官话是萎缩少的,近江方言结构萎缩多,远江方言功能萎缩多。方言会妨碍通语的普及和规范,但又会推动通语发展,同时方言还有研究价值和教育功能。应允许方言进入校园。拿方言语料编乡土教材,运用方言对应规律教普通话,都能延缓方言的萎缩。
This article inquires into the decline of Chinese dialects in the context of promulgation of Putonghua, and proposes some strategies to preserve the dialects. Two remarkable tendencies can be observed in the declining Chinese dialects: the erosion of dialectal idiosyncracies and attenuation of communicative functions. On the one hand, many dialects are dropping their distinctive phonological, lexical and syntactic features, and assimilating into the Mandarin system. On the other hand, the use of dialects in communication is diminishing even for dialect speakers. It is found that the declining patterns vary among different regional dialects. Those dialects along the Yangtze, such as the Wu, Xiang and Gan dialects show more shifts in structure, while those farther away from the Yangtze, such as the Min, Yue and Gan dialects, feature more decline in functional use. In order to save the dialects from further declining, this paper proposes that the values of Chinese dialects need to be appreciated, and the dialects can be incorporated into the Chinese language teaching materials across the nation. In addition, the mass media, social and cultural sectors as well as families can play their distinctive roles in the preservation and transmission of dialects.
dialect / variation / decline / strategies
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