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  • Li Yuming
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2025, 10(6): 1-1.
  • Han Lintao and Yang Erhong
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2025, 10(6): 36-48. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20250603
    The success of Digital Chinese development ultimately depends on whether its users, researchers, and creators possess the necessary core competencies. Large Language Model (LLM) constitutes a critical technological domain and a strategic priority in this new stage of development. Research among student populations reveals key characteristics and structural issues in LLM literacy, including a significant “inversion” between high-frequency usage and systematic learning, which points to a structural imbalance; generally low self-assessment of literacy, limited confidence and insufficient advanced application skills; and a tendency toward superficial application across broad yet shallow scenarios. Digital Chinese emphasizes the integration of language and technology, centrality of data, comprehensive empowerment, and commitment to standardization and safety. Grounded in these core principles, this study constructs a “Five-Dimension, Three-Level” LLM literacy framework. It identifies cognition and understanding as the foundational element, ethics and responsibility as the guiding principle, interaction and collaboration as the methodological core, learning and innovation as the developmental pathway, and career and entrepreneurship as the ultimate objective. The framework proposes a continuum comprising general foundational literacy, specialized integrative literacy, and leading developmental literacy. Finally, it outlines a holistic “Five-in-One” cultivation pathway: oriented by needs, driven by collaborative innovation, centered on curriculum and instruction, guided by assessment reform, and supported by faculty development.
  • Hu Kaibao, Huang Renxuan, Liu Genhui, Wang Lifei, Liang Linlin, Zhu Zude, Zhang Hongsheng, Li Xue, Zhang Weiguo, He Lin, Wang Zhaoyu, Wang Wenhao and Guo Xi
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2025, 10(6): 58-71.

    数字中文背景下关键语料基础设施建设的问题与路径 / 胡开宝

    数字中文语境下语言学科建设的四大根本性转变 / 黄仁瑄,刘根辉

    数字中文建设背景下亟需语言人才的供给侧改革 / 王立非

    语言科学交叉学科建设势在必行 / 梁琳琳,朱祖德

    数字中文赋能语言文化传承发展的四大路径 / 张洪生

    数字中文重构语言–技术产业新生态 / 李 雪

    数字中文将推动产业升级 / 张卫国

    数字中文促进社会协同进步 / 赫 琳,王炤宇

    建议将境外中文资源纳入数字中文新基建 / 王文豪,郭 熙







  • Wang Chunhui
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2025, 10(6): 5-19. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20250601
    The concept and system of “Digital Chinese” have emerged along the developmental trajectory of “Digital Earth (Global) — Digital XX (Regional/Field) — Digital China (National/Comprehensive) — Digital Chinese”. From a holistic perspective, Digital Chinese constitutes a “seven-in-one” systematic framework, encompassing the following dimensions: Digital Chinese philosophy, technology, resources, applications, governance, research, and civilization. The future development of this system faces theoretical and practical challenges, which can be addressed through strategies such as improving policies and regulations, planning standards and norms, promoting interdepartmental collaboration, enhancing the transformation of scientific research achievements, and advancing technological innovation and application expansion—while remaining grounded in China’s national conditions and learning from international experience. Against the backdrop of the emerging “Threefold Coexistence” era of humans, machines, and nature, the future of Digital Chinese holds immense potential.
  • Ye Jun, Zhu Xiaorui and Lin Pengfei
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2025, 10(6): 20-35. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20250602
    In the digital era, the development and application of generative artificial intelligence, represented by large language models, have made digital literacy a vital component of new quality productive forces. Digital language resources not only reflect a nation’s soft power but also act as the cornerstone of its future development. The vitality and influence of the Chinese language in the digital space are significant indicators of China’s language situation and national standing. This study makes a preliminary evaluation of the vitality and influence of Chinese in the digital space by building an indicator system centered on digital language use. This system covers five vertical domains, including economic, technological, cultural, social, and educational, in addition to basic Digital Chinese indicators. By collecting and analyzing relevant data, the study compares the use of Chinese with that of other major world languages, such as English, French, Spanish, Russian, and Arabic. The findings indicate that, driven by the digital wave, Chinese has broken through geographical boundaries to become a global language. The vitality and influence of Chinese in the digital space are firmly ranked second in the world, having created a considerable gap over other major languages except English. The most prominent characteristic of the Digital Chinese ecosystem is its relative abundance of dynamic data and scarcity of static data. Furthermore, the protection of digital cultural classics and the development of Digital Chinese applications are identified as two major highlights of the language’s digital development.
  • Luo Ji
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2025, 10(6): 85-96. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20250606
    A century ago, fellow-scholar journals, namely publications created by fellows with shared ideals, emerged and flourished amid the pursuit of science and democracy during the New Culture Movement. These magazines gradually became a mainstream form of cultural communication, contributing significantly to social progress as well as transforming both academic communication and academic production. Even today, the fellow-scholar journal model retains contemporary relevance, exemplified in the publishing practices of the Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning (CJLPP). Over the past decade, the journal has inherited five key aspects of the fellow-scholar journal tradition: the establishment of a relatively loose and flexible editorial team united by shared values; the separation of manuscript acquisition and editing from distribution and business operations; a manuscript acquisition system in which core members serve dual roles as both editors and authors; the integration of academic pursuit and patriotic commitment; and a strong emphasis on nurturing young scholars. The crucial element among these is the formation of a like-minded core editorial team within the “Language Life School”, whose consensus on the journal’s editorial philosophy and development trajectory has been vital to its success. At the same time, the journal has introduced innovations to the traditions of fellow-scholar journals in three key areas: achieving “same circle” integration between the editorial team and the sponsoring institution; proactively incorporating oversight from higher-level supervisory authorities; and separating the core editorial team from the technical editing team. Compared to other fellow-scholar journals founded after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, CJLPP exhibits three distinct features, the more notable of which is its strong reliance on a specific scholarly school as the foundation for running the journal. Operating within the framework of the socialist publishing system, CJLPP has successfully evolved a contemporary fellow-scholar journals model that aligns with the demands of the modern era and the journal’s unique circumstances. This model demonstrates significant institutional advantages and has yielded remarkable publishing achievements, enabling the journal to achieve rapid and substantial development.
  • Li Yuming
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2025, 10(6): 72-73.
  • Li Manli, Chen Sichen and Zhao Lin
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2025, 10(6): 48. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20250604
    In recent years, scholars have explored digital Chinese from various perspectives. This study focuses on digital Chinese ecosystem and its pathways for educational empowerment. Driven by digital technologies, the digital Chinese ecosystem is flourishing with three prominent features: the multimodal leap and asset transition of Chinese language resources, intelligent collaboration and mass co-creation in production logic, and precise adaptation with global connectivity in service systems. The digital Chinese ecosystem also demonstrates three major development trends: increasingly diverse application scenarios, gradual refinement of the industrial ecosystem, and growing internationalization of service recipients. However, the digital Chinese ecosystem currently remains peripheral to the core domain of educational empowerment. This study proposes three pathways for educational empowerment along three dimensions of the digital Chinese ecosystem: resource carriers, learning models, and competency reconstruction. These pathways include the promotion of the multimodal transition of Chinese teaching resources, the reconfiguration of adaptive and inquiry-based learning models, and the expansion of the competency dimensions of Chinese teaching and learning. The core logic of educational empowerment possesses dual attributes: language technology and platform ecosystem. The former provides multimodal and interactive carriers for learning, while the latter supports dynamic resource updating and personalized matching. They enable large-scale personalized education, which represents the key empowering value that distinguishes digital Chinese from traditional Chinese forms.
  • Zhao Tingyang
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2026, 11(1): 5-15. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20260101
    This article argues that the systematic character of language can be adequately examined only through a metalanguage capable of reflecting on language from a higher-order standpoint. It first considers formal (mathematical) logic as a candidate metalanguage: although it can capture truth relations among propositions, its restricted semantic range prevents it from serving as a metalanguage for the full spectrum of thought. It then revisits Wittgenstein’s notion of language games as an alternative metalanguage that translates meaning into a set of socially rule-governed uses. While this approach offers an external and publicly inspectable point of reference for semantics, it remains limited to reflecting on the nature of rules and does not account for language’s thought-laden dimension. The paper next turns to large language models (LLM) as a contemporary, non-traditional metalanguage. LLM operationalize a grammar of signs grounded in correlational relevance—probabilistically optimized linkages among tokens—and evolutionary updating, whereby empirical Bayesian adjustment continuously recalibrates the credibility of these correlations. On this view, LLM can process relations at scale, yet the resulting sign system remains a mapping that fails to represent the wholeness of objects and the world; it therefore lacks genuine understanding. The essence of thought lies in “selecting” a particular “possible world”. At its core, thinking is an act of “choice”: it selects and commits to a certain possible world among alternatives. Against this background, the article proposes a speculative “grammar of thought” and associated metalanguage built on negation and verbs. Negation secures the essential function of thought as selection—the capacity to choose among possible worlds—while verbs provide the generative structure through which possible worlds are constructed. The author suggests that this framework could upgrade mere mapping into a morphism oriented toward holistic intelligibility, offering a methodological route toward a next-generation of AI “world model”. Its putative advantage lies in simultaneously opening unlimited possibilities, supporting causal explanation, and enabling reflexive analysis of any language from within natural language itself, thus obtaining a better metalanguage.
  • Cui Yingxian
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2026, 11(1): 87-96. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20260108
    “Center” (中) and “loyalty” (忠) are fundamental words in the Chinese language, with the latter deriving from the former. The early cognitive mechanism of the Han people, which transitioned “from spatial orientation to temporal concepts, from the concrete to the abstract”, played a fundamental role in driving the semantic derivation of the latter. After the emergence of “loyalty”, its meaning shifted from “sincerity” to “loyalty” within a very short period. The underlying force driving this change was the political-ethical belief in the “integration of family and state”, while its solidification was achieved through habitual collocations from morphology to syntax. In this regard, the ethical propositions and linguistic applications of Confucianism and Mohism exhibit a certain degree of divergence. Regarding the concept of “loyalty to the ruler”, Confucianism, which emphasizes hierarchical order, does not reinforce it in linguistic combinations. In contrast, Mohism, which advocates “universal love” and “elevating uniformity”, frequently employs it in written works, even solidifying the term “loyal minister” (忠臣) as a fixed expression. Once a strong linguistic collocation is established, it can shape value judgments that influence social consciousness, allowing people today to perceive the epistemological significance in the philosophy of language.
  • Li Yan and He Hongzhi
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2026, 11(1): 17-28. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20260102
    ‘Language professions’ refer to occupational categories in which practitioners derive their livelihood from providing language products and services. They are directly related to the high-quality supply of language products and the sustainable development of the language industry, and affects the overall planning of language talent development. Language professions and talents are producers of language products and providers of language services, and creators of language productivity. These professions can be classified into “typical language professions” and “quasi-language professions” based on whether the primary output consists of language products and the extent to which task completion relies heavily on linguistic expression. This paper defines the concept of “language profession” and maps out the existing language professions and those yet to be recognized in the National Occupational Classification Codex of the People's Republic of China (2022 Edition). It further proposes a foundational research framework for language professions comprising three hierarchical levels: from the base upward, these are studies of occupational conditions, analyses of underlying dynamics and mechanisms, and investigations into development strategies. Building on this framework, the paper offers the following recommendations: for language professions with an established number of practitioners but have not yet been included in the Codex, they should be formally supplemented and recognized, and professional terminology should be standardized; emerging language professions should be actively cultivated, especially language technology professions; Starting from the study of language vocational abilities, construct a language vocational standard system; Focusing on the investigation of language occupational conditions, comprehensively grasp the current state of language professions in China; and a national database of language professions should be established to support talent development in the field and planning for the language industry.
  • Zhou Hongbo and Zhao Chunyan
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2025, 10(6): 74-73. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20250605
    Drawing on a decade of editorial practice, this article examines Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning (CJLPP) as a representative case of triadic co-production of knowledge and management involving a publisher, the academic community, and government agencies. It argues that the journal’s establishment was enabled by three converging shifts in the early twenty-first century: the reorientation of China’s national language authorities from direct administration to guidance and services; the expansion of linguistic inquiry from structural and theoretical linguistic approaches to the broader domain of language use in social life; and the publisher’s strategic move to develop applied language-related programs in response to these trends. The article further analyzes how the journal has been organized and governed through a functional division of labor. Academia serves as the primary engine of knowledge production, assembling a core editorial team and articulating editorial principles and institutional arrangements. The government functions as the anchor of governance orientation, helping ensure that scholarly agendas remain aligned with national development priorities. The publisher operates as the central hub for knowledge translation, strengthening top-level design and ensuring efficient execution across key editorial processes. Together, these actors constitute a knowledge-production community driven simultaneously by epistemic logics and political/governance logics: academia as the “engine”, government as the “steering wheel”, and the publisher as the “converter” or integrative platform. This configuration illustrates a form of managed knowledge production in which scholarly autonomy is maintained while being substantively embedded within a broader framework of state governance.

  • Shi Jinsheng and Li Xueting
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2026, 11(1): 42-52. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20260104
    Since the 1990s, the development of automated essay scoring (AES) has progressed through three major phases: feature-based statistical machine learning, neural network-based deep learning, and generative pre-trained language models. Throughout this evolution, scoring rubrics and language intelligence techniques have intertwined and advanced synergistically, driving AES toward greater efficiency and rationality through their competitive pursuit of dominance in the AES. AES research has evolved from focusing on superficial statistical linguistic features to exploring complex semantic and formal features, enabling comprehensive scoring along both formal and content-based dimensions. Research on AES for Chinese as a Second Language (CSL) has primarily focused on the MHK test and the HSK test, which are designed for domestic ethnic minorities and foreign learners of Chinese, respectively. It lacks the verification of the effects on various neural network models or large-scale datasets. Technological advances in Large Language Models suggest potential solutions to current problems concerning AES for CSL. Future AES research needs to move from resembling the outcomes of manual scoring to imitating the thinking of manual scoring, transition from holistic rating scoring to analytic rating scoring, and enhance AES model reliability and interpretability through both chain-of-thought fine-tuning and high-quality corpora.
  • Zhu Haiping and Gao Xinmin
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2026, 11(1): 53-63. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20260105
    This study analyzes the development of Putonghua proficiency testing products in Hong Kong over the past three decades, focusing on testing product composition, supply entities, and demand drivers. The evolution of these products can be divided into three distinct phases: the early market exploration phase (1988–1997), the policy-led diversification phase (1997–2006), and the market-driven innovation phase (2006–present). The trajectory is marked by a unique “dual-track evolution”—on one hand, collaborative development shaped by market forces, policy interventions, and technological advancements; on the other, the emergence of a tiered development system. Currently this system is dual-tiered, comprising “foundational” and “distinctive” products that align national standards with local characteristics. Looking ahead, further progress can be achieved by advancing to a three-tiered framework: “foundational”, “distinctive”, and “international”. Through differentiated design, the interactions and resource allocations among market, policy, and technology can be dynamically adjusted for each tier. This approach allows testing products to address Putonghua learning and certification needs of various target groups, ultimately integrating foundational popularization, regional adaptability, and international compatibility.
  • Ge Zhaoyi and Li Yuming
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2026, 11(1): 29-41. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20260103
    The language rehabilitation industry represents a specialised sector within both the broader language industry and the Greater Health industry. There is a need to develop a “Greater Language Rehabilitation Industry” that aligns with the principles of Greater Health, serves the entire population throughout the life span, and transcends the traditional confines of hearing and speech rehabilitation. Focusing on individuals with language disorders, the language rehabilitation industry possesses dual characteristics: it functions as both a public good and an industry, offering products and services that span language commodities and language welfare. Currently, the market size of China’s language rehabilitation industry exceeds 30 billion RMB, yet a substantial gap between supply and demand persists, indicating a significant market potential that could reach several hundred billion RMB. The industry’s current capacity falls short of meeting the rehabilitation needs of the tens of millions of people affected by language disorders. Addressing this critical issue requires dedicated efforts in three key areas: redefining industry perception, strengthening the human resource system, and enhancing welfare policies. This paper constructs an ecosystem framework for the language rehabilitation industry and argues that language health is an essential component of national health, without which individual well-being and happiness are difficult to achieve. Furthermore, the capacity to provide language rehabilitation services should be regarded as an integral aspect of a nation’s language competence. Achieving “language health for all” should be recognised as a shared goal within the broader “Healthy China” initiative.
  • He Hongzhi
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2026, 11(1): 16-16.

  • Dong Ping
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2026, 11(1): 64-74. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20260106
    From the perspective of actual usage shown in ancient Chinese corpora, the overlap of different first-person pronouns at various semantic levels indicates philosophically that as human beings carry out communication activities in different aspects of existence, the awareness of the self also emerges and gradually deepens in the process of interacting with others on different dimensions. In Classical Chinese, the first-person pronouns in the ordinary sense are primarily three forms: wo 我, yu予(also written 余,台), and wu吾. The pronoun wo chiefly denotes the self as externally manifested and set in contrast to others, with the meaning of the embodied “person” or “body” at its core. By contrast, yu tends to function as a more general term of self-reference, emphasizing the individual as an integrated unity of body and mind. “吾” does not truly emerged untilg the Spring and Autumn Period. It refers to the inner self and denotes the authentic subject. Its appearance marked a deepening of self-cognition and represented a new stage in the development of self-awareness.“思(sī)”(thinking, introspection) is the primordial capability of “吾” and the fundamental way for the subject to confirm the conrcete reality of its own existence, thereby restoring the wholeness of being. In this way, existence and value are rendered fully identical.  “毋我(wú wǒ)” (freedom from ego attachment) is an essential requirement for individuals to participate in experiential communication activities with the “己(jǐ)” (self) that roots in the true reality. “吾丧我(wú sàng wǒ)” (destruction of the ego with the Self) requires 吾as the subject to immune from the dualization of the “己” so that to keep the wholeness of existence of the self. The realization of “己” is not only the restoration of an individual’s reality of existence and the realization of the subjectivity, but also the realization of his value of existence in the current interreaction context, thereby unifying the existence and its value. Through the analysis of the usage of different first-person pronouns in ancient Chinese text, analyzing the function of si 思, and interpreting the meanings of wu wo 毋我and wu sang wo 吾丧我, this paper structurally reconstructs and expounds on the philosophical ideas embodied in the first-person pronouns in classical Chinese.
  • Wu Genyou
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2026, 11(1): 75-86. https://doi.org/10.19689/j.cnki.cn10-1361/h.20260107
    Humanity has long been situated in “world history”. Contemporary and future Chinese-language philosophy should move beyond its classical and modern configurations toward a future-oriented form, one that is rooted in the lived experience of the Chinese-speaking world while also articulating the new realities of “China in the world” and “the world within China”. In the face of philosophical questions shared by humankind in the context of world history, providing philosophical responses in Chinese should be regarded as a historical mission for present and future scholars engaged in philosophical research in the Chinese-speaking world. From the perspective of the traditional debate on the correspondence between names and realities, “Chinese-language philosophy” and “Chinese philosophy” each have their own objects of reflection, yet they also significantly intersect and overlap. This article rejects the notion of a “universal philosophy” advanced by some scholars, but does not deny the existence of philosophical questions common to all humanity. From a civilizational perspective, such shared philosophical questions may take distinct philosophical forms when expressed in different national languages. Within genuine world history, in responding to humanity’s shared philosophical questions, philosophies expressed in different national languages can generate philosophical answers that embody an “overlapping consensus”. One of the historical missions of contemporary and future Chinese-language philosophy is to offer its own responses to these shared philosophical questions of humanity.
  • Yang Dan
    Chinese Journal of Language Policy and Planning. 2026, 11(1): 1-1.